The Ford Pinto Case Analysis Essay - 1553 Words

The Ford Pinto Case Iyanda S. OConnor American Military Universtiy BUSN623 The Ford Pinto Case In 1978 a tragic car accident involving three teenager driving a Ford Pinto, model year 1973, caused their car to burst into flames (Hoffman, 1982). The car was struck from behind and the gas tank immediately ruptured (Hoffman, 1982). The Ford Company was then charged for criminal homicide which was historically the first to occur for an American company (Hoffman, 1982). The Judge presiding over the case, advised the jury, â€Å"Ford should be charged for reckless homicide if it was found the company had indeed engaged in â€Å"plain, conscious and unjustifiable disregard of harm that could have cause such horrific results† (Hoffman, 1982). The question was, did Ford knowingly went ahead with producing the Pintos if they chose heavy profit results over safety in the design of the Pinto’s gas tank? It was said that, Ford knew the Pinto was a hazard but it paid out millions of dollars to settle suits outside of court and was prepared to spend millions on lobbying aga inst safety standards (Hoffman, 1982). In an insulting cost analysis, Ford official had estimated that and eleven dollar improvement for the fuel tanks of 12.5 million Ford automobiles could have saved and estimated 180 lives, but an official deemed the total cost of the change outweighed the benefits of saving human life (Kramer, 1980). This cost benefit analysis actually put a $200,000 price on each life lostShow MoreRelatedThe Ford Pinto Case Analysis1576 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ford Pinto Case Milton Friedman believed a free-market system, in which goods and services are exchanged and controlled by individuals and privately-owned businesses without government authority, was the only way to achieve personal freedom. Adam Smith, a 18th century philosopher and economist, held the belief that in a free society, the role of government should be limited to the protection of the people, the administration of justice through the court system, and the maintenance of all publicRead MoreCost Benefit Analysis : The Ford Pinto Case1666 Words   |  7 PagesCHEN 4090 Senior Seminar The Ford Pinto Case Naif Alotaibi Mohammed Alkhoraimi April 18, 2016 Cost Benefit Analysis The Cost benefit analysis is a financial model where companies or government establishments implement on their decision making. The model simply evaluates costs and benefits of a certain decision which enables the organization to choose the â€Å"right† option. (O’Farrell, R.,n.d.) The beauty of the CBA model lies in its simplicity, the chosen optionRead MoreCase Analysis : Ford Pinto Incident1223 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Ford Pinto incident in the 1970’s. First, I will validate why the stakeholder theory is the best theory to use when making business decisions, and why the liability should fall on the people regulating the market interactions, not the producer of the products. Second, I will come from a different angle and analyze the objections that some people may have about the Stakeholder theory. Last, I will analyze the ethics and consequences of taking a different course of action as the CEO of Ford. ByRead MoreCase Study : Ford Motor Company1220 Words à ‚  |  5 PagesThe Ford Motor Company fell into a trap of greed that resulted in the loss of many human lives. Before the disaster of the Pinto fires, Ford had a reputation as being the safety pioneer in the automobile industry with additions such as the seat belts even raising awareness of their safety. However, as the invention of small cars began to take emerge Ford began to lose market shares to the foreign market causing Ford to construct a small compact to satisfy this emerging market. Ford’s stance on â€Å"safetyRead MoreFord Pinto Ethics Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesFord Pinto Case: The Invisible Corporate Human Pricetag In this essay, I will argue that Ford Motor Company’s business behavior was unethical as demonstrated in the Ford Pinto Case. Ford did not reveal all the facts to consumers about a harmful gas tank design in the Ford Pinto. They tried to justify their decision to sell an unsafe car by using a Cost-Benefit Analysis which determined it was cheaper to sell the cars without changing to a safer gas tank. The price of not fixing the gas tanksRead MoreFord Pinto953 Words   |  4 PagesResponsible Commerce (COMM 101) Case 2.3 (The Ford Pinto) Week 4 1. What moral issues does the Pinto case raise? Moral issues that Ford Pinto case raises included producing dangerous products which are not safe to use it without informing the dangerous of the products to the public. In addition, lobbying the NHTSA to delay the safety measure of the products is also one of the moral issues that Ford Pinto case raises. (53 words) 2. Suppose Ford officials were asked to justifyRead MoreFord And The Government Of The Pinto Case1747 Words   |  7 Pages Was Ford to blame in the Pinto case? Christeen Olsen Business Ethics Social Issues 1122 Anoka Ramsey Community College April 26, 2015 Abstract This paper explores several published articles and an overview of the court cases, that bring up the question of ethics and the responsibilities of Ford and the government in the Pinto gas-tank issues of the 1970’s. This paper is intended to ask questions of ethics regarding manufacturers responsibilities when there might be a potentialRead MoreLegal Analysis Grimshaw V Ford Motor Company1449 Words   |  6 PagesLegal Analysis Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Company Facts In 1972 a Ford Pinto, purchased six months prior, unexpectedly stalled on the freeway in California. The Pinto was hit from behind by a Ford Galaxy, erupting into flames instantly. The driver of the car, Lilly Gray, suffered from fatal burns and died a few days later in the hospital. The passenger, a 13-year old boy named Richard Grimshaw, was also severely injured from burns, which caused his face and body to be permanently disfigured. AfterRead MoreFord Pinto Fires Case Study and Executive Summary Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesFord Pinto Fires Case Study and Executive Summary John Bonner, Scotti Greenleaf, Rose Scarbrough MGT216 University of Phoenix October 18, 2010 Sarah Nelson Ford Pinto Fires Case Study and Executive Summary Introduction During the Late 1960’s the Ford Motor Company was one of the leading auto manufactures in the United States. Ford was credited with revolutionizing the muscle car era of the 1950’s and 1960’s. During the mid 1960’s Lee Iacocca helped Ford establish itself in the late 1960’sRead MoreCase Study Pinto681 Words   |  3 Pages1. What moral issues does the Pinto case raise? I think Pinto case raised some serious issue of abusing human rights and not behaving ethically in the world of business. Any business/service should never ever put a value on human life and not take consideration of a known deadly danger. Ford had an option as well as the solution to design the car in a way that prevented cars from exploding; however they refused to implement it.    They thought that it was cost effective not to fix dangerous condition

How Does Incorrect Patient Information Impact A Claim

Research Project number (40930800). (1) How does incorrect patient information impact a claim? Responsible coder collects post and manages account payments, submitting claims and keeping in touch with insurance companies. If patient information is coded incorrectly or incomplete it could leave an impact that can be brought to a claim. Inaccuracy in patient information can leads to denials, none payment and investigation. It is important to get all the details right by verifying insurance coverage properly. Make sure that the patient’s name is spelled correctly, date of birth and sex of patient are correct; and most important be sure that the policy number is valid.0verall before claims are sent, documentation should be in order and the claim should be checked for completeness and accuracy. (2) What is correct coding? What is meant by a clean claim? Correct coding is when a claim is coded accurately for example the patient name is spelled correctly date of birth and sex are correct. The insurance payer will definitely know exactly what illness or injury the patient has and the method of treatment that was performed by the physician. A â€Å"clean† claim is one that does not require the payer to investigate or develop on a prepayment basis. This claim is filed in the timely filing period and passes all edits; and does not require external development. A clean claim must have all basic information to adjudicate the claim, and all required supporting documentation is attached withShow MoreRelatedHow Does Incorrect Patient Information Impact A Claim?1638 Words   |  7 Pages(1) How does incorrect patient information impact a claim? Responsible coder collects post and manages account payments, submitting claims and keeping in touch with insurance companies. If patient information is coded incorrectly, or incomplete it could leave an impact that can be brought to a claim. Inaccuracy in patient information can lead to denials, none payment and investigation. It is important to get all the details right by verifying insurance coverage properly. Make sure that the patient’sRead MoreA Short Note On International Classification Of Diseases Essay1009 Words   |  5 Pagesversion of the World Health Organizations ICD-10. ICD-CM-10 was created to support current US health information needs. There are several differences in ICD-CM-9 and ICD-CM-10 versions. Since it was developed in the 1970s, the ICD-9-CM code set no longer fits with the needs of the 21st-century health care system. Consequently, reliance on outdated and imprecise ICD-9-CM information adversely impacts the value of healthcare data collection. Currently, ICD-9-CM code sets do not meet the necessary requirementsRead MoreExamples Of Facility Upgrade In Technology And Patient Care1705 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology and Patient Care Introduction: One of the biggest decisions smaller healthcare facilities will face, is whether or not to adopt an electronic health record (EHR) system. Healthcare facilities are adopting new IT applications to utilize an EHR system, identifying a new need to improve and support how healthcare is delivered. Over the past few decades, this has become an essential component of a hospital’s business model to be cost-effective and transparent with patients. The need to adoptRead MoreIbm s Implementation Of Electronic Health Records Essay1726 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the Innovation Policy Platform, a radical or disruptive innovation is an â€Å"innovation that has a significant impact on a market and on the economic activity of firms in that market.† (Radical and incremental innovation, 2013, p. 1). From this definition, IBM is a prime example of a radical innovation. The Watson super computer has performed activities no other invention has before. IBM has gone through at least five radical changes in its environment such as †¢ Mainframes †¢ Minis †¢ PCsRead MoreChange In Health Care Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pagescalled the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which allows lower income people to buy insurance and expands the eligibility to apply for Medicaid. As a result of these changes made in health care, doctors are having to deal with more paperwork, making it more difficult to provide their patients with the care that they need. This debate has become an increasingly hot topic due to the fact that almost everyone is involved with healthcare in one way or another. Doctors, patients, nurses, administratorsRead MoreSnowstorm Lawsuit2055 Words   |  9 Pagesregard to the failure to ensure that sufficient healthcare personnel were available to provide the established standard of care to the patients in the facility. Moreover, the personnel that were required to remain at the hospital from the day shift were likely not performing at their peak after already working their own shift; which could result in errors in patient care. The nurse managers should have been proactive and had a plan in place in the event of severe weather such as forming a team of healthcareRead MoreEmory University Health Care System1707 Words   |  7 Pagescontinue giving great service. What Emory Is All About The following is an insight to Emory. Many mistake Emory Health Care System for the Soul purpose of Research and its University connection. Yes, Emory Hospital does excel in research but there is more that Emory offers to help its patients and community. - â€Å"Core Purpose: To Serve Humanity by Improving Health through integration of education, discovery and health care (Alexander, R. W. (2012, May) - Core Values: Excellence, Caring, Integrity. TheRead MoreThe Ethical Issues Of An Industry ( Or Company )1494 Words   |  6 Pagespublic would normally produce in the agent the moral emotions of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and remorse. In identifying each ethical issue that pertains to your industry (or company), you should: 1. Describe the behavior, policy, or practice and how it relates to your industry (or company). ISSUE 2: Software Quality Assurance Software quality assurance is a challenging task. There are many questions raised by software being released with defects. What are the ethical responsibilities of a softwareRead MoreThe, Physician, And / Or Pediatrician1964 Words   |  8 Pagesvisited your doctor, physician, and/or pediatrician. For us, the patient we do not see behind the scenes of what the assistant is doing behind the desk typing in our information into the computer system. We do not think about the process that the information goes through and where it ends up. All that we know is that we feel out the information sheet with our private and personal information and we turn it and it is done. Wrong. The information goes through a process known as the revenue cycle. The healthcareRead MoreMerck : A Successful And Reputable Pharmaceutical Company3183 Words   |  13 Pagesheart attack and stroke. However, by that time over 80 million patients worldwide had used it and it was directly related to the death of over 27,000 people. Ethical Issues and Questions 1. How honest are the claims that Merck has made (past or present) regarding their actions? Merck claimed that they couldn’t tell if it was Vioxx that was causing the heart problems or was it Naproxen that was preventing it. However, these claims were not honest, as studies state that Merck was seeing the events

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited Free Essays

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (known as BSNL, India Communications Corporation Limited) is a public sector communications company in India. It is the India’s largest telecommunication company with 25.14% market share as on December 31, 2007. We will write a custom essay sample on Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its headquarters are at Bharat Sanchar Bhawan, Harish Chandra Mathur Lane, Janpath, New Delhi. It has the status of Mini-ratna – a status assigned to reputed Public Sector companies in India. BSNL is India’s oldest and largest Communication Service Provider (CSP). Currently BSNL has a customer base of 68.5 million (Basic Mobile telephony). It has footprints throughout India except for the metropolitan cities of Mumbai and New Delhi which are managed by MTNL. As on December 31, 2007 BSNL commanded a customer base of 31.7 million Wireline, 4.1 million CDMA-WLL and 32.7 million GSM Mobile subscribers. BSNL’s earnings for the Financial Year ending March 31, 2007 stood at INR 397.15b (US$ 9.67 b) with net profit of INR 78.06b (US$ 1.90 billion). Today, BSNL is India’s largest Telco and one of the largest Public Sector Undertaking with estimated market value of $ 100 Billion. The company is planning an IPO with in 6 months to offload 10 % to public. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000, is World’s 7th largest Telecommunications Company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in India: Wireline, CDMA mobile, GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband, Carrier service, MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP services, IN Services etc. Within a span of five years it has become one of the largest public sector unit in India. BSNL has installed Quality Telecom Network in the country and now focusing on improving it, expanding the network, introducing new telecom services with ICT applications in villages and wining customer’s confidence. Today, it has about 47.3 million line basic telephone capacity, 4 million WLL capacity, 20.1 Million GSM Capacity, more than 37382 fixed exchanges, 18000 BTS, 287 Satellite Stations, 480196 Rkm of OFC Cable, 63730 Rkm of Microwave Network connecting 602 Districts, 7330 cities/towns and 5.5 Lakhs villages. BSNL is the only service provider, making focused efforts and planned initiatives to bridge the Rural-Urban Digital Divide ICT sector. In fact there is no telecom operator in the country to beat its reach with its wide network giving services in every nook corner of country and operates across India except Delhi Mumbai. Whether it is inaccessible areas of Siachen glacier and North-eastern region of the country. BSNL serves its customers with its wide bouquet of telecom services. BSNL is numero uno operator of India in all services in its license area. The company offers vide ranging most transparent tariff schemes designed to suite every customer. BSNL cellular service, CellOne, has more than 17.8 million cellular customers, garnering 24 percent of all mobile users as its subscribers. That means that almost every fourth mobile user in the country has a BSNL connection. In basic services, BSNL is miles ahead of its rivals, with 35.1 million Basic Phone subscribers i.e. 85 per cent share of the subscriber base and 92 percent share in revenue terms. BSNL has more than 2.5 million WLL subscribers and 2.5 million Internet Customers who access Internet through various modes viz. Dial-up, Leased Line, DIAS, Account Less Internet(CLI). BSNL has been adjudged as the NUMBER ONE ISP in the country. BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol convergent IP infrastructure that provides convergent services like voice, data and video through the same Backbone and Broadband Access Network. At present there are 0.6 million DataOne broadband customers. The company has vast experience in Planning, Installation, network integration and Maintenance of Switching Transmission Networks and also has a world class ISO 9000 certified Telecom Training Institute. Scaling new heights of success, the present turnover of BSNL is more than Rs.351,820 million (US $ 8 billion) with net profit to the tune of Rs.99,390 million (US $ 2.26 billion) for last financial year. The infrastructure asset on telephone alone is worth about Rs.630,000 million (US $ 14.37 billion). BSNL plans to expand its customer base from present 47 millions lines to 125 million lines by December 2007 and infrastructure investment plan to the tune of Rs. 733 crores (US$ 16.67 million) in the next three years. The turnover, nationwide coverage, reach, comprehensive range of telecom services and the desire to excel has made BSNL the No. 1 Telecom Company of India. History The foundation of Telecom Network in India was laid by the British sometime in 19th century. The history of BSNL is linked with the beginning of Telecom in India. In 19th century and for almost entire 20th century, the Telecom in India was operated as a Government of India wing. Earlier it was part of erstwhile Post Telegraph Department (PT). In 1975 the Department of Telecom (DoT) was separated from PT. DoT was responsible for running of Telecom services in entire country until 1985 when Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) was carved out of DoT to run the telecom services of Delhi and Mumbai. It is a well known fact that BSNL was carved out of Department of Telecom to provide level playing field to private telecoms. Subsequently in 1990s the telecom sector was opened up by the Government for Private investment, therefore it became necessary to separate the Government’s policy wing from Operations wing. The Government of India corporatised the operations wing of DoT on October 01, 2000 and named it as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL).BSNL operates as a public sector. How to cite Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, Essay examples

Logistics and Operations Management Apple

Questions: 1. Importance of process design on product.2. Aims and objectives of product or services using this particular design.3. Stages of product in order to illustrate design concept.4. The impact of performance objectives on design. Answers: Introduction: Logistic and operation management is the primary concern of this particular study. Operation management is primarily one of the most important divisions of a business organization that deals with the designing and the entire process of product production. The primary responsibility of the operation management team is to control the process of designing a product in order to draw the attention of the customers. In this particular assignment, Apple has been chosen as a selected company. Apple is one of the largest technology multinational companies based on US. The headquarter of this particular organization is in California, US. Numerous electronic products are available here, such as computer, smartphone, television and so on. Apple iphone has occupied distinct place at the current scenario by providing its glorious supply in the global market. The operational department of Apple is so organized and systematic that they have placed a glorious position in the field of International ma rket. They have maintained a balance between supply and demand of their product. This is one of the effective business strategies to draw the attention of the customers. 1. Importance of process design on product: Providing a new and attractive design in a particular product is essential to catch the customers attention. While manufacturing a particular product, designing is one of the major steps in order to make it suitable for the market. The general intention of a purchaser is to select those kinds of products that are possessed with an attractive outlook. Therefore, operational managers keep a constant control on the entire process of product design so that their product can easily create a market demand. Therefore, Apple has already generated a market demand even in the international filed. The innovation of Apple iphone has become an additional benefit for building the reputation of the company. The primary purpose of Apple iphoneat the very initial stage was to attract the customers by the providing a different design of this brand so that customers tend to pay their attention. Especially Applesiphone 6 and 6plus is have generated a distinct attention on the market. The both series are made with 7000 aluminium. It is one of the strongest alloys that the customers have ever come across in their day-to-day life. Andzuliset at. (2012) stated that the display of iphone 6 has become as one of the strongest glasses throughout the world. The smooth, slim and unibody design has created a demand in the global market. Moreover, customers can get the choices of four stunning colors while purchasing the product. The colors include gold, silver, space grey and finally rose-gold. The retina HD d isplay of iphone 6 as well as 6plus adds the extra attraction of this particular brand. Moreover, customers can get a vibrant and sharp look because of this display. The special designed outlook of this particular product has become successfully only because of the active participation of the operation management team of Apple. 2. Aims and objectives of product or services using this particular design: Behind making a particular product with a suitable design, the operational management team aims to achieve some primary objectives. The camera of apple ipone has been designed as eight megapixel in order to fulfill a particular objectives. Eight megapixel is enough to get a perfect picture for any user. Consequently, they do not have to carry extra camera with them. Therefore, picture capacity matters highly for purchasing a phone. Apple iphne 6 and 6 plus is bvery successful in this respect. The battery capacity of iphon 6 series has undoubtedly created a demand in the international field. The battery capacity is even modified that iphone 5 series. Moreover, the speed of iphone 6 series has crossed the previous version even. In order to impress the customers attention, the operation management has decided to make this series faster so that people do not feel bore to use the product amidst their busy schedule. Barberand Tietje (2008) stated that, the operational management division has modified the version of iphone 6 series in order to fulfill the demand of their customers.People standing in the current era amidst busy schedule, need advanced use of technology. Therefore, they have to use faster version in order to make a balance between need and time. Apple iphone 6 series are the bright example of this. 3. Stages of product in order to illustrate design concept: In order to fulfill the demand of the customers, the operation management team of Apple iphone has decided to incorporate such kind of design with in the product so that customers pay their attention (Dickson 2009). The design concept has already been mentioned above. Therefore, operation management of Apple has intended to follow some important steps in order to design as well as develop the brand of ipone 6 seriesXu et al. (2013). The stages are as follows; Generating the idea: Before designing a product, operation managers have to generate the idea to launch a particular product. The employees in the product manufacturing division play an important role here (Tuand Liu2011). Operation managers like to consult with the employees and the customer service division about the generating ideas (Dominici2009). After getting a positive response from the employees, operation managers like to proceed in the next step. Before designing the product of Apple iphone 6, the operation management team of this particular department decided to make brief consult with the employees. Participative leadership style has been maintained in Apple (Sundarakani2011). Therefore, the employees get full liberty to express their own point of views to the managers about the organizational goal. Specially, the service providers of customer service division are able to provide better decision in this regard as they have well experience about the customers demand (Erevelles2012). They would be able expose whether the customers would accept the concept or not. Evaluating the Concept; After effective consultation with the concerned employees, the operation managers like to involve the decision makers of this organization who would be able to provide an effective decision after making a research on that matter (Stuhlfautand Yoo2013). Decision makers of apple not only provide a general view while designing a product like apple iphone 6 (Stephens Balakrishnan2011). They like to give a clear idea about the pros and cons of launching this product. It comes as awarenessfor the operational managers before taking a risk of launching Apple iphone 6. The decision making team of Apple gave positive feedbacks to the operation managers and they achieved success in this particular matter(Erevellesand Fukawa2012) Evaluation of the market: Market evaluation implies the feedback collected from the customers or the target group. Several ways are there to gather the response of the customers whether it is positive or negative. Thee service providers can directly interact with the customers in order to get an immediate feedback (Spiro et al. 2009). Otherwise, they can promote their brand with the help of media as well so that a large number of people can be familiar about their product (Peguand Kumar2011). In case of Apple, the market evaluation has been conducted through internet, email, electronic media, print media and direct interaction as well. The operation managers of this particular organization instruct the employees to make an effective communication with the customers so that the customers get immediate response of their demand or any other quires. Analyzing the product: If the idea or the concept has been accepted by the customers or the target group, the next step of operational management team is to conduct an in-depth analysis of that particular product (Sonboli et al. 2011). Analysis implies product designing cost, manufacturing cost, sale cost and so on. The operation managers have to keep on mind that the availability of product is mandatory in order to make a balance between demand and supply (Pennington2012). Moreover, the designers have to be appointed in the specific field who would help the managers to make a suitable design that will draw the customers attention. For an example, before launching the product of Apple iphone 6, the designers of this organization suggested that this new series should cover all the drawbacks of its previous series. The battery capacity of iphone 5 serious was remarkably objectionable as per the feedback of numerous customers. The Samsung electronics had utilized this drawbacks of Apple by launching Samsung A7 in the year 2016. Moreover, the camera should be of eight megapixel so that the customers do not have to carry extra camera to attend any occasion. This feature has also added an additional benefit to create the demand in the market even in the international field as well. Making the design for launching the product: These are the initial steps that should be maintained on behalf of the operation managerial department of Apple before designing a product (Shepherd 2011). After collecting the market evaluation report and the response gathered from the employees, the management team starts to proceed on the next step that is designing making planning to provide a suitable outlook for drawing the customers attention. Configuration and product quality would make little sense if the product design does not attract the customers (Podolyakinaand Popova2014). Therefore, in order to generate a demand of a product in the market design and service quality is one of major factors. 4. The impact of performance objectives on design: Performance objective is nothing but a systematic process that indicates what characteristics a good performance should be possessed with (Shannahan et al. 2013). For an example, a particular employee needs to achieve the goal to sale maximum of their product within six month. If that specific employee fails to achieve the goal, the performance objectives would not be fulfilled. On the other hand, if this individual becomes successful to reach the target, the performance objectives of this particular employee have become fulfilled (Qiet a. 2013). This particular system is applicable Apple as well. The operation managers of this organization keep a constant control over the entire process of employees performance. Their process of performance includes their effort or dedication, their service quality, their communication skill, their customer relation and so many (Rappand Panagopoulos2012). As per their level of performance, managers provide a review at the end and they like to mentio n whether employees are able to fulfill their performance objective or not (Self et al. 2009). Therefore operational managers only tend to provide a review on the designing plan of a product, not on the overall performance of the employees. Performance objectives on design of Apple iphone 6 have a several impacts on the employees that are as follows: Employees in thedepartment of designing and planning of Apple remain sincere towards their job profile from the very beginning They try to give the best look of their product by incorporating innovative designs In order to fulfill the performance objective they provide their best endeavor to satisfy the demand of the customers The service quality and the customer relation increases because of performance objectives The relation between the operational managers and the employees increases because of performance objectives process. It is needless to say that Apple intends to maintain democratic leadership style inside the organization. As a result, the communication between the employees and managers are very strong at the workplace. Conclusion: The entire study deals with the role of operation managers for designing a product of a business organization. As per the demand of this particular task, Apple has been chosen as the selected company. The operational management of Apple has been discussed throughout the entire story. In order to create a market demand of a product maintaining a systematic process of designing is every important. This study has primarily focused on the designing process of Apple iphone 6 and 6 plus. The entire design of Apple iphone 6 has made in a different ways from iphone 5 series. The battery capacity, the display, camera have been designed in such a way that people have shown their interest to purchase this product. In addition, four marvelous colors of iphone 6 have added an extra attraction for purchasing this product. The operational managers have played a major role for proving a perfect look of this particular brand. Reference List: Andzulis, J., Panagopoulos, N. and Rapp, A. 2012.A Review of Social Media and Implications for the Sales Process.Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 32(3), pp.305-316. Apple.com (2016). Apple. [online] Available at: https://www.apple.com [Accessed 15 Mar. 2016]. Barber, C. and Tietje, B. 2008. A Research Agenda For Value Stream Mapping The Sales Process. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 28(2), pp.155-165. Dickson, P., Lassar, W., Hunter, G. and Chakravorti, S. 2009. The Pursuit of Excellence in Process Thinking and Customer Relationship Management.Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 29(2), pp.111-124. Dominici, G. 2009. From Marketing Mix to e-Marketing Mix: a literature overview and classification. IJBM, 4(9), pp.90-230. Erevelles, S. 2012. Introduction to the Special Issue on the Role of Affect in Personal Selling and Sales Management.Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 33(1), pp.5-6. Erevelles, S. and Fukawa, N. 2012. The Role of Affect in Personal Selling and Sales Management.Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 33(1), pp.7-24. Pegu, P. and Kumar, D. 2011. Accessing the Possibilities of Using Advertising as a Tool for Better Marketing Management.IJAR, 3(3), pp.256-258. Pennington, R. 2012. Developing Recipient-Based Strategies for Promotional Product Selection.Journal of Promotion Management, 8(1), pp.53-66. Podolyakina, N. and Popova, Y. 2014. Development of Product Promotional Strategy Considering the Risk of Non-demand.Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 110(19), pp.805-811. Qi, Y., Huang, J. and Peng, X. 2013. Does supply-demand law work for ICBC's stock price. EmMkts Case Studies, 3(3), pp.1-15. Rapp, A. and Panagopoulos, N. 2012. Perspectives on Personal Selling and Social Media: Introduction to the Special Issue. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 32(3), pp.301-304. Self, D., Ingram, J., McCullin, R. and McKinney, R. 2009.Direct response advertising as an element in the promotional mix.Journal of Direct Marketing, 1(1), pp.50-56. Shannahan, R., Bush, A., Moncrief, W. and Shannahan, K. 2013.Making Sense of the Customer's Role in the Personal Selling Process: A Theory of Organizing and Sensemaking Perspective.Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 33(3), pp.261-276. Shepherd, C., Tashchian, A. and Ridnour, R. 2011.An Investigation of the Job Burnout Syndrome in Personal Selling.Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 31(4), pp.397-410. Sonboli, A., Gholipour, A. and Yousefzadi, M. 2011. Antibacterial activity of the essential oil and main components of two Dracocephalum species from Iran.Natural Product Research, 9(23), pp.1-5. Spiro, R., Perreault, W. and Reynolds, F. 2009. The personal selling process: A critical review and model. Industrial Marketing Management, 5(6), pp.351-363. Stephens Balakrishnan, M. 2011. Managing demand and supply.EmMkts Case Studies, 1(4), pp.1-10. Stuhlfaut, M. and Yoo, C. 2013. A tool for evaluating advertising concepts: Desirable characteristics as viewed by creative practitioners. Journal of Marketing Communications, 19(2), pp.81-97. Sundarakani, B. 2011. Economic Zones World (EZW) supply chain strategy. EmMkts Case Studies, 1(1), pp.1-5. Tu, J. and Liu, K. 2011. Influence from Balance between Capacity and Load on Different Development Phases of Supply Chain. AMM, 101-102, pp.856-859. Xu, Y., Zhao, Y., Fang, Z. and Ren, Y. 2013. Mobile Adverting: the New Promising Marketing Channel. AMR, 774(776), pp.1987-1990.

The Christian Fundamentalist Movement free essay sample

As it exists in America, the Christian fundamentalist movement is comprised of Protestant evangelical fundamentalists who seek a complete restructuring of the social and political order, so that all proceeding generations may be brought up in accordance with their doctrine. The most central tenet to their movement is the idea that their sacred scripture, the Bible, is indisputably inerrant, and provides a strict set of rules and guidelines that can be applied to a person in any context. In Martin Marty’s anthology â€Å"The Fundamentalism Project,† he explores the role that fundamentalism plays in politics, the family, and society as whole. Understanding that â€Å"fundamentalism† is a word often misused or wrongly attributed to certain groups, Marty’s works primarily aim at distinguishing the term, and illustrating it’s distinct origin. Furthermore, he describes the integral role of women in sustaining a movement that is essentially patriarchal, and helps us to see how this fits into Manuel Castells notion that the patriarchal family may soon be a thing of the past. We will write a custom essay sample on The Christian Fundamentalist Movement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Defining and Distinguishing â€Å"Fundamentalism† Fundamentalism, in the most general of senses, is a strategy used within religious communities to reclaim their sacred past, and therefore maintain their identity as a distinct group. They refer to selected doctrines and scriptures, which are considered to be the â€Å"fundamentals† of their beliefs. They are zealously driven by a sense of self-preservation, and the need to convert their adversaries (who, in their case, is anyone but themselves) (Marty, 1). Protestant fundamentalists fit this definition well. They emerged in the early 20th century in opposition to, what they considered to be, an increasingly morally corrupt world. They have since continued to revere the â€Å"fundamental† requirements for salvation by basing every aspect of their lives on the perceived â€Å"divinely inspired† writings of the Bible . Several central features of Protestant fundamentalism shape its identity not only as a religious faith, but also as a strict, oppositional, closely-knit social cohort. The first of these is evangelism, which fundamentalists hold to the up-most importance. Since they see only themselves as saved, they xpend most of their energy on convincing outsiders that they must avoid eternal damnation through conversion (to fundamentalism) by broadcasting evangelical messages over radio and television and various other means. Secondly, fundamentalists believe in a strict biblical inerrancy. That is, they claim â€Å"that the only sure path to salvation is through a faith in Jesus Christ that is grounded in unwavering faith in an inerrant Bible,† and that â€Å"the Bible can be trusted to provide an accurate description of science and history, as well as morality and religion† (Ammerman, 5). Hence their upsurge at the turn of the 20th century, when various scientific and philosophical theories (such as Darwinism) that did not adhere to the written word became increasingly accepted, and they sought to turn everyone back to the strict, unwavering accuracy of the scriptures (Moore, 46). Thirdly, fundamentalists are a pre-millennialist group who use their faith in the Bible to â€Å"predict the future,† that is, the coming of the End. This belief provides them with even more motivation to evangelize, because they think there is only a limited time before the second coming of Jesus and thus a limited time to save non-believers before they are condemned to hell. Lastly, separatism is one of the more crucial features of fundamentalism, because it is the basis for how fundamentalists exist in society. They insist that a true believer will not only follow a strict set of guidelines for his or her own life, but will also shun any person who does not share their lifestyle. In fact, it is this desire to ostracize the mainstream population that originally set fundamentalists apart at the emergence of their movement, as they share much in common with closely related factions such as conservative, or evangelical Christianity. For example, fundamentalists agree with conservative Christian’s â€Å"traditional† understanding of such doctrines as the Virgin Birth, the historical accuracy of Jesus’ miracles, and the imminent second coming of Christ. However, not all conservative Christians agree on how one achieves salvation, which is where evangelical Protestantism veers off. While certain conservative Protestants consider themselves â€Å"saved† if they are baptized and active, faithful members of their church, only evangelicals believe that salvation is solely for those who accept Jesus Christ as their savior and devote their lives to living in his name (a tenant crucial to fundamentalism). And, since many evangelicals place revelatory powers in experience, they cannot all be considered fundamentalists who seek revelation through the scriptures alone. But still, for most of the early 20th century, â€Å"fundamentalists† and â€Å"evangelicals† were barely distinguishable; both groups â€Å"preserved and practiced the revivalist heritage of soul winning and maintained a traditional insistence on orthodoxy† (Ammerman, 4). It wasn’t until fundamentalists chose to actively oppose liberalism, secularism, and communism in a militant fashion that they ostracized themselves from the rest of society, which evangelicals sought to remain in. Historical Background of the Fundamentalist Movement In every society social change proceeds at an uneven pace. Some society members embrace change with relish, while others find it oppressive and troubling. And, when people feel that change is being imposed on them, many will find it necessary to resist. Such was the case with America’s earliest fundamentalists. The early 20th Century Fundamentalist Movement sprung from the Great Awakening in objection to its principles of liberal theology, German higher criticism, Darwinism, all which appeared to undermine the Bible’s authority. The growing discontentment of numerous religiously conservative Christians pushed them to unify and organize, aided by the emergence of a twelve volume series between 1910 and 1915 titled The Fundamentals. This collection was conceived by a Southern California oil millionaire and edited by Bible teachers and evangelists. It contained ninety articles, twenty-seven of them devoted to the Bible, which outlined clearly what were thought to be the essential, fundamental beliefs of Christianity that could not be compromised. It detailed fundamentalism’s core tenets, specifically: The inerrancy of the Bible, the literal nature of the Biblical accounts (especially regarding Christs miracles and the  Creation account in Genesis), the Virgin Birth of Christ, the substitutionary atonement of Christ on the cross, and the bodily resurrection of Christ (Witherup, 7). These provided the disunited body of participants with a single set of goals, prompting them to ban together to enact change and essentially transforming fundamentalism into a specific movement. However, throughout the following decade this new religiously conservative coalition against liberalism was merely a nagging voice of dissent, still widely considered bigoted or anti-intellectual, and failed to gain significant credibility (Marsden, 124). Fundamentalists remained divided on several key issues, which prevented them from gaining any real solidarity. For example, while most fundamentalists were mainly concerned with biblical inerrancy, many were more focused on dispensationalism, a eschatological theology concerned with the so-called â€Å"end of times. At this end of the spectrum a â€Å"small group of dispensationalist spokes-men pushed the cultural pessimism to its logical extreme,† who used rhetoric that â€Å"was certainly not in any way connected with positive, progressive reformism† (Marsden, 125). This prevalent face of fundamentalism was in no way appealing to the American public, and was counter-productive to the movement. In 1925, the infamous Scopes â€Å"monkey trial† brought to the forefront of the American Public the clash between modernity and fundamentalists. The trial concerned a high school teacher, John Scopes, who was convicted of teaching the scientific theory of evolution in opposition to the biblical teaching of creation. Though the fundamentalist prosecutor William Jennings Byron won the case, liberal press coverage of this legendary trial ultimately led to a severe loss of public support. Nevertheless, Byron would go on to becoming one of the most popular and appealing faces to the movement, and would continue to fuel its growth. The economic depression of the 1930’s provided a context in which fundamentalism could not easily thrive. Such dark times called for a comforting, optimistic theology†¦characteristics not often attributed to fundamentalism. However, this sense of social crisis brought to the fore moral reformist leaders like William B Riley, who began to stress political change as essential to fundamentalist goals. A number of conservative conferences in  New York City  and Philadelphia led to the formation of a larger and more comprehensive organizations the  World’s Christian Fundamentals Association and the Fundamental Baptists of America. Having also lost control of the denominational seminaries, fundamentalists regrouped around a set of independent Bible institutes and Bible colleges. Many of these schools, such as the  Moody Bible Institute  in Chicago and the  Bible Institute of Los Angeles not only provided instruction to their students but assumed many of the duties formerly performed by denominational institutions. They published periodicals, broadcast from their own  radio stations, held conferences, and maintained a staff of extension speakers. They operated like a denominational headquarters, providing a bond between otherwise isolated congregations (Bruce, 55). Although fundamentalism was pushed to the fringe of the Christian community by the new Evangelical movement, it continued to grow as new leaderships arose. The  Baptist Bible Fellowship, formed in 1950, became one of the largest fundamentalist denominations. By 1975 there were 34 Regional organizations, 16 active military chaplains, 11 student chaplains, 1261 individual members and 614 churches. A total of 28 missionary organizations were members of the IFCA movement. They included 13 church extension missions, 11 home missions, and 4 foreign missions. Five Bible institutes and colleges also were members. Then, in 1979 Jerry Falwell pushed the movement into political sphere by founding the Moral Majority, a civic organization that crusaded against what it viewed as negative cultural trends, especially legalized abortion, the  women’s movement, and the  gay rights movement. It also lobbied for prayer in public schools, increased defense spending, a strong anticommunist  foreign policy, and continued American support for the State of Israel. The Moral Majority led a new generation of fundamentalists beyond simply denouncing cultural trends and back into an engagement with contemporary life in the political arena, a place where they have been quite outspoken for the past couple of decades. For example, fundamentalists were strong supporters of President  George W. Bush  and played an important role in the election of Republicans at all levels of government. They also continued to promote conservative positions on various questions of social policy. They took advantage of the post-cold war liberalist attitude by zealously lobbying for political and moral reform at abortion clinics, funerals for homosexuals, etc, to make their point loud and clear. According to Marty Martin, fundamentalists entered â€Å"a new phase of intense activism in the aftermath of the Gulf War (1990-1991) and the collapse of the Soviet Union, in a world that now seemed beset by an inward turning of peoples, or by antipluralist particularisms† (Marty, 7). Even further fueled by the ultural revolution of the 1960’s and early 70’s, especially the assaults on traditional standards of family and sexuality, fundamentalists sought to completely re-structure American culture. They continued to promote conservative positions on various questions of social policy, and given that their â€Å"end† is in sight, have been increasingly forceful in doing so. In other words, the fundamentalist movements’ participants believe that their t ime is running out to achieve their movement’s goals, therefore they need to take advantage of every opportunity they can. In fact, â€Å"the politicization of fundamentalistic evangelicism in recent decades and its unexpected resilience as a political force points to another larger story in American culture, the weakening of the progressive modern scientific liberal consensus that seemed to be building in the first half of the 20th century† (Marsden, 255). Fundamentalism and The Family According to Marty, the fundamentalist desire to return to a â€Å"sacred past† is the motivation behind their focus on re-establishing â€Å"the family† as a staple of social order. They believe that the â€Å"traditional† family is one reminiscent of 17th century Puritanism, a time when religion played as large a role in society as it should now. Christian fundamentalist see the family as the ultimate authority, as it has become a â€Å"potent symbol of an idealized moral order† (Hardacre, 131). Thus, â€Å"the imperative to ‘return’ to an idealized form of the family is perhaps the highest priority of the fundamentalist social agenda† (Hardacre, 131). They see the family as the divine infrastructure that is the basis for all other institutions in society, and are encouraged by spiritual leaders to make the home a moral haven from a corrupt world. The â€Å"traditional† lifestyle that is so revered by Christian fundamentalists is a patriarchal one, in accordance with the Bible. As a result, women willingly assume the subordinate position which is widely considered anti- feminist. In their idealized family, the husband is the sole breadwinner who exercises final authority in all matters, and the wife’s role is simply to serve her husband, children and God. Additionally, females in fundamentalist households are taught to stifle their sexuality, as it could be used as a tool to manipulate the males in society. And, â€Å"women’s personification of tradition also takes the form of (often explicit) restrictions on their physical movements away from home† (Hardacre, 139). In order to stick with â€Å"tradition,† women are often required to forego education beyond basic literacy, and employment in leading sectors of the economy (and most other professions). Especially from a feminist standpoint, it is oftentimes difficult to see why women would become such passionate advocates for a creed that deepens their subordination to men and requires them to relinquish most of their power. However, within fundamentalism, the female role of motherhood is considered to be the most crucial foundation for the family and society as a whole. Since many fundamentalists chose to homeschool their children, these mothers are also the sole educators for their oftentimes many offspring. And, as a large part of their educational focus is on Biblical study, females are called to pass on the meaning of their sacred scripture to the next generation. So though their perpetuation of patriarchy is widely considered anti-feminist, fundamentalist women do not see themselves as such. Instead, they see themselves as carrying out the ultimate female duty as God calls upon them to do. The Quiverfull movement is a smaller, more recent group who share the same desire for a â€Å"traditional† patriarchal family. They are a movement of people who believe is eschewing all forms of birth control, and willingly accepting as many children as they conceive. Not only are they unwilling to prevent pregnancy, but in the same effort to maintain patriarchy wives are required to engage in sexual intercourse whenever their husband so chooses, oftentimes resulting in frequent reproduction. The basis for their lifestyle is found in Old Testament Bible verses in Psalm 127:3-4 that proclaims â€Å"Lo, children are an heritage of the LORD: and the fruit of the womb is his reward; As arrows are in the hand of a mighty man; so are children of the youth. Happy is the man that hath his  quiver full  of them† (Quiverfull). Despite the premise of their movement being selection from a religious text, the Quiverfull movement is self-described as non-denominational, though it is often described as both evangelical and fundamentalist. Though their members are predominately evangelical (if not evangelical fundamentalists), look closer will see how they really fit in as a subset to the overall fundamentalist movement. As was just mentioned, the foundation of Quiverfull beliefs comes from a literal translation of the Bible, a characteristic of evangelicism and fundamentalism. And, they don’t only base their reproductive habits off of the Bible; Quiverfulls maintain that the Bible is inerrant in it’s entirety. In consequence, Quiverfull families base their familial structure off of the same scriptures that fundamentalists do, creating the same male-headed families. However, it would probably be inaccurate to say that all members of the Quiverfull movement share the same desire for separatism that is characterized in the participants of the fundamentalist movement. The fact that they do not self-describe themselves as Christian fundamentalists (though they do refer to the â€Å"fundamentals†) alone is suggestive of their less-exclusive nature. For example, if I were to decide now that I want no part in birth-control or family planning, and advocated that as the correct way of life, I would be part of the Quiverfull movement despite any of my other personal ideologies. Nevertheless, the premise of the movement coincides with objectives of fundamentalists, so it still can be considered a contribution to the success of the larger Fundamentalist movement as a whole. The Fundamentalists Identity In Castells’ â€Å"The Power of Identity,† he provides three origins of â€Å"identity building,† the basis for the formation of â€Å"purposive collective actions whose outcome, in victory as in defeat, transforms the values and institutions of society† (Castells, 3). One of these, â€Å"resistance identity,† is similar to McAdam’s idea of â€Å"oppositional consciousness. The latter is vital to the success of any social movement, because the creation of a common enemy creates solidarity between its members, allowing them to link their experiences of injustice to their oppressors, thus providing them with a common obstacle. This type of identity-building â€Å"constructs forms of collective resistance against otherwise unbearable oppression, usually on the basis of identities that were, apparently, clearly defined by history, geography, or biology, making it easier to essentialize the boundaries of existence†. In this case, a collective identity is formed in response to dominant institutions or ideologies, just as fundamentalism emerged to combat the scientifically-progressive ideologies of the early 20th century. Fundamentalism is understood to be â€Å"the construction of collective identity under the identification of individual behavior and society’s institutions to the norms derived from God’s law, interpreted by a definite authority that intermediates between God and humanity† (Castells 2, 13). Thus, to be properly perceived by fundamentalists one has to share their commitment to a authority, as they do in respect to patriarchal order and God. Castells also argues that the new global order with its uncontrollable processes of globalization and individualization of identity is accompanied by several brand new demographical tendencies. Among them there are the high rates of divorce, separation, delayed marriages, children born out of wedlock, violence in the family, gay and lesbian couples, single lifestyles etc. Castells 2, 26) All of these challenge patriarchalism by undermining its material and ideological bases, and Castells sees the Christian family as the only source of stability to this order. He claims that American Christian fundamentalism is not a rationalization of class interests, or territorial communal movements, but is rather â€Å"a political process of defense of the moral, Christian values† with the help of images from the past projected into the utop ian future (Castells, 25). Therefore, fundamentalism derives its strength from the American culture with its deep religiosity as well as â€Å"familistic individualism† and pragmatism as a shelter from solitude and uncertainty of the contemporary  world (Castells). Fundamentalism: A Self Sustaining Movement For its participants, fundamentalism began with the formation of the scriptures and its sustainability is inevitable due to its universal validity. The only threat to its existence is the event after which worldly matters are no longer a concern to fundamentalists: the imminent second coming of their savior, Jesus Christ. Until then, fundamentalism continues to exist in the social order as a well-organized, un-relenting, unified movement, fighting to influence American institutions in accordance with their beliefs. And, with America in the midst of major political and religious upheaval, there has never been a better time for fundamentalists to impose a structural change on our society. Concerning its sustainability, the fundamentalist movement has a clear, unwavering set of tenets and goals which can apply to every society. Furthermore, the solidarity of it’s members has been highly influenced by the movement’s ubiquitous enemy: contemporary American culture. Their formation of an oppositional consciousness has been inherent in their basic dogma, and their list of enemies remains lengthy and ever growing. Their political opportunity has also continued to grow in strength, with an increasing number of right-wing conservatives standing behind their cause. This increase in ideological allies has been paired with a decrease in the strength of repression in society, as more and more Americans have become sympathetic to the fundamentalist message. This has been partially due to the post-9/11 need for revenge against a common enemy, which called for Americans to ban together and generally promoted the idea of returning to the â€Å"family. † This idea is further supported today by public figures like Sarah Palin and Glen Beck, the latter of whom is regarded higher in public-opinion than the president himself. Even despite their philosophical differences, evangelicals and fundamentalists have come together in their plight to change the schooling system, in opposition to secular humanism. Together they seek a â€Å"God-centered education that emphasizes character development and spiritual training,† which requires a totally upheaval of the standard American educational system (Rose, 456). They have pressured public schools to remove certain books from classrooms and libraries, to teach scientific creationism alongside (or in place of) evolution, to eliminate sex education entirely, to adopt textbooks that reinforce â€Å"traditional† American values, that can be found in the scriptures and to avoid â€Å"controversial† subjects in the classroom, such as sex or evolution (Rose, 453). Protestants have developed their own branch of Christian schools, which though may not be strictly comprised of fundamentalists, is most popular among the more separatist and conservative wing of the evangelical movement. Since the 1960’s enrollments in non-Catholic religiously affiliated schools, or schools of which the majority are evangelical, have increased some 149 percent (Rose, 454). These schools have been the fastest growing sector of private education, with approximately one million students (K-12) enrolled in roughly ten thousand schools, which equates to 20% of the total private school population. The goal of this alternate form of education is to restore religious authority in society, re-strengthen parental authority, and educate their children while protecting them from â€Å"drug, sex, violence, and the lack of discipline in the public schools† (Rose, 455). The schools form a sort of protective bubble around the fundamentalist youth, limiting their knowledge of diversity and progressive society. At fundamentalist universities, the Bible is the only form of literature that students study, and many times neither group discussion nor essay writing is part of the regular curriculum (Rose, 461). In other words, students read (for the most part) only the Bible, and do not practice the normal skills that an education requires. This singularization of their knowledge successfully teaches children that fundamentalism is not only the right way, but the only way to live. All in all, it is clear that Protestant fundamentalism is concerned with protecting the sanctity of their ideology in every aspect. Worship, education, the family, friends, recreation, etc. must all adhere to a strict set of doctrinal beliefs, which can only be found in their inerrant Bible. Due to their confined nature, there is little room for desegregation with people of other faiths, which helps to perpetuate the distinct roles that women and children play in this sometimes described anti-progressive or anti-modernist movement. In their plight to change the schooling system, fundamentalists have merged with evangelicals to oppose the secular humanism that they consider to be contaminating their children’s minds. Together, they seek a â€Å"God-centered education that emphasizes character development and spiritual training,† which requires a totally upheaval of the standard American educational system (Rose, 456). In addition, their patriarchal communities have restrained the role of women, keeping them solely in the households to raise and sometimes educate their children. Furthermore, children are encouraged to confine their friendships, dating partners and spouses within the church, allowing little room for outward mobilization. For the most part, they constrain their children to educating them only the â€Å"basics† of Protestant fundamentals, and by rearing them in such a male dominated environment, perpetuate an anti-feminist ideology (Hardacre, 134). Conclusion It is the fundamentalist insistence on â€Å"uniformity of belief within ranks and separation from others whose beliefs and lives are suspect† that has shaped a fervently unique demographic (Ammerman, 9). Their determination to accumulate ideological allies through zealous evangelism has taken fundamentalism from being a theological doctrine, to existing as a strong and ever growing social movement. Their separatist nature has led them to develop their own faith-based communities, churches, schools, universities, radio stations, television shows and more. By creating their own neighborhoods and penetrating the education system, fundamentalists have succeeded in mobilizing and growing in size and authority.

Terrorism and Counter-terrorism Essay Essays - Abdullah Yusuf Azzam

Terrorism and Counter-terrorism Essay Essays - Abdullah Yusuf Azzam Professor William Berg TR-101 5/20/15 Terrorism and Counter-terrorism Essay: Terrorism used to be seen by the world's militaries as "low intensity conflict" and many commanders such as you were not often preoccupied with it. For us, exceptionally hot years such as 1983 or 1985 were just thatexceptions. Now it's war. It is a war that the al Qaeda enemy formally declared in 1996, and again in 1998. It's a war made by a long series of attacks upon free peoples. The U.S. only accepted this as "war" at the end of 2001, but it is now affixed to the horizon. To call this war is not to say that it is a wholly military contest. If US government has a grand strategy, then this contest is political, ideological, legal, economic, and moral. It is profoundly moral. President Bush made the accurate parallel between terrorist and pirates or slave-traders. All three categories are natural enemies of humanityan ancient concept of international law, and a good one. On Saturday, the new Pope described terrorism as "perverse," a "cruel decision that shows contempt for the sacred right to life," and "a new barbarism." The global nations, collectively, hold the upper hand in this contest because Allies is a moral cause, and they must not ignore or abandon that moral advantage. Two recent and ugly innovations by terror groups underscore terrorism's profound inhumanity. You may have noticed the new pattern of terror attacks on aid personnel and nongovernmental organizations. What had been rare is now appallingly common. NGOs" are studying the challenge, but have only begun. For now they often close down relief operations and withdraw in the face of terrora prudent response, but one that negates their whole purpose, and satisfies the attackers. Until now, NGOs have tended to want nothing from you as commanders except logistical support for their own work. The less contact the better, it seemed. Now, they may begin asking you to help with their security, which is a most complicated job. A second reminder of the character of terrorism is a new pattern of double-bombings. The first explosive is laid to wound and kill; this damage draws in dozens of medical professionals and "first responders;" (WOLF, 2003) when enough ambulances have arrived, the second timed charge detonates, redoubling the carnage. I first noticed the old Irish Republican Army do this. Then, a right-wing terrorist did it in Atlanta Georgia. The jihadis' Bali Indonesia bombings confirmed the patterna preliminary bomb in a building drove people out into the street, where a far larger bomb murdered many of them. And then, at a fourth point on the globe (Iraq) came the August 17 bombing of a bus terminal in Baghdad. Police naturally rushed to the scene, and that's when a second bomb blew, in the station parking lot. There was a third layer to the plan. Ambulances rushed wounded to a nearby hospital, and there, awaiting them, was a suicide bomber, who then detonated. When terrorism develops such techniqu es it rarely regresses; we'll see more. The moral relativists who will not understand terrorismwho say, "it is nothing more than a weapon of the weak"should ponder the planning in these double-bombings. How hard you commanders work to train your personnel to protect the Red Cross, to steer clear of ambulances, to avoid hospitals as sanctuaries of the wounded, even amidst actual battle. Compare that with what terrorists plot and do in peacetime, with this explicit targeting of medical personnel. The over-heated religious militants led by al Qaeda have an internationalist program. That is evident from their targeting: Nairobi, Casablanca, Istanbul, Riyadh, and Madrid. Their internationalism is just as evident from their recruitment: Saudis, Moroccans, Algerians, Somalis, Yemenis, Filipinos, and Western Europeans of all kinds. The enemy confirms all this in how he trains: al Qaeda's camps in the Sudan, and then Afghanistan, drew tens of thousands, to some 50 training camps, from the corners of the world. In late 2001, in the Afghan war, The Allied coalition captured people from over forty countries! There was of course a Philippines training branch, and another in Indonesia. The array of foreign faces appearing in these camps was widely diverse. The jihadis' internationalism is just as evident in their ideology: as surely

Business Process Reengineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Process Reengineering - Essay Example Failure of the traditional approaches to effectively address the new conditions led to emergence of innovative perspectives on organizational performance and change with BPR being perhaps the most popular among them. Another distinct feature of the business environment in the early 1990s was the dramatic rise in amounts spent by businesses on information technology (IT), and the linkage between IT and BPR soon became the most popular object of research. Some studies published throughout the first half of 1990s estimated "over half of all reengineering efforts are initiated because of a perceived information technology opportunity" (Caldwell, 1994: 50), and pronounced IT to be the key enabler of effective BRP (Weicher et al, 1995). Although the linkage between IT and BPR has been confirmed repeatedly, there is no clarity as to the aspects of this linkage. The variety of opinions and views expressed in the literature is astonishing ranging from denial of the enabling role of IT in BPR to claims that IT is, in fact, the only enabler of BPR. The below overview seeks to summarise the existing conceptions about the relationship between IT and BPR in order to understand the merit of Information Technology as an enabler to Business Process Re-engineering Main Body In 1990, Michael Hammer published an article in the Harvard Business Review, in which he claimed that the major challenge for managers is to obliterate non-value adding work, rather than using technology for automating it (Hammer 1990). The article was perhaps the first attempt to draw attention of the scholarly community to the problem of information technology (IT) role in BPR. Hammer implicitly accused the management of contemporary businesses of the wrong application of IT which has been used mostly for automating existing practices than rather than revising the obsolete non-value adding ones. Hammer (1990) claims that the potential of IT makes it the most essential enabler of BPR in modern environment, but in order to fulfil the enabling function it must be used as a tool to challenge the traditional conceptions of the business processes that had emerged in the past before the advent and expansion the computer and communications technology. This will result in recognition and breaking away "from the outdated rules and fundamental assumptions underlying operations... These rules of work design are based on assumptions about technology, people, and organizational goals that no longer hold" (p.105). The elements of redesign models described in the early BRP literature illustrate why modern IT plays an important role in the reengineering concept. Hammer (1990) identifies the following basic principles of reengineering: (a) Organization around process outcomes, not tasks; (b) Those who use the output of the process must perform the process; (c) Subsume information processing work into the real work that produces the information; (d) Treat geographically dispersed resources as though they were centralized; (e) Link parallel activities instead of integrating their results; (f) Put the decision